Liberalism and Colonialism Essay Example for Free

Liberalism and Colonialism Essay Liberalism is both egalitarian and inegalitarian, it stresses both the unity of mankind and the hierarchy of cultures, it is both tolerant and intolerant, peaceful and violent, pragmatic and dogmatic, skeptical and self-righteous. Bhikhu Parekh examines the writing of John Locke and John Stuart Mill, two of greatest liberal philosophers. Locke state that the Indians had cultivated and lived on their land for centuries and it was their ‘rightful inheritance’. He asked the English settlers for information about the Indian way of life, and built up an impressive collection of books dealing with the European exploration of the Americas. The Indian way of life offered a realistic contrast to, and provided most valuable insights into, the nature and structure of political society. Locke’s analysis of the nature of reason was complex and inconsistent, by and large he thought that it analysed and reflected on the sense impressions, perceived similarities and dissimilarities between different events and entities, traced their causes, and formed universally valid generalizations. Locke analysed English colonialism in America in terms of his theory of man and society. He argued that since the American Indians roamed freely over the land and did not enclose it, it was not their land; they used it as one would use a common land, but they had no property in it. In Locke’s view, English colonization not only did them no harm, but also respected their natural rights and conferred on them great economic, moral, cultural, scientific and political benefits. Locke characterized two modes of colonization, one based on ‘conquest by sword’ and represented by Spanish, the other based on commerce and represented by the English. Whilst Locke’s principle of equality offer at least some moral protection to Indians, it offered them no political protection. Indians were entitled to equality as individuals, but not as an organized society. As individuals their basic rights and interests were to be fully protected. Locke defined equality, it obtained only between the civilized nations and placed the non-civilized societies outside the pale of international law and morality. For John Mill’s philosophical ideas, Europeans were interested primarily not so much in unburdening their surplus population and settling in these countries as in trade, commerce and olitical control. This new phase of colonialism usually called imperialism. For Mill, man was a progressive being whose ultimate destiny was to secure the fullest development of his intellectual, moral, aesthetic and other faculties. In Mill’s view, human beings had both a natural and a historically acquired tendency towards conformity, which only a few were able to fight successfully on their own. For Mill as for most other liberals, individuality represented human destiny, but it was not underwritten by and even went against some of deepest tendencies of human nature. Like Locke, Mill divided human societies into two, but his principle of classification was different. In some societies, which he called civilized, human beings were in the ‘maturity of their faculties’ and had ‘attained the capacity of being guided to their own improvement by conviction or persuasion. By contrast all non-European societies were ‘backward’, and human beings there were in a state of ‘nonage’ and ‘infancy’. Although Mill stressed the value of diversity, he defined its nature and permissible range in narrow terms. He linked diversity to individuality and choice, and valued the former only in so far as it was grounded in the individualist conception of man. It ruled out traditional and customary ways of life, as well as those centred on the community. More so than Locke, Mill condemned the racist arrogance of and the misuse of political power by the colonial bureaucrats and yet he had no difficulty sharing the colonial contempt for native cultures and approving of the violence used to dismantle them. Both Locke and Mill shared a firm belief in the equality of men and used it to justify and regulate colonial rule. And they also failed to understand the extremely complex relationship between human being and their cultures. Liberals do believe in equal respect for all human beings, but they find it difficult to accord equal respect to those who do not value autonomy, individuality, self-determination, choice, secularism, ambition, competition and the pursuit of wealth.

The Correcting Of Errors In Students Work English Language Essay

The Correcting Of Errors In Students Work English Language Essay Look at the following pieces of written work. In each case write a list of all the errors that have been made. Mark on the list, which type of error they are, according to the simple classification above. Write the correct version of the error underneath eg: Student 1 I am 46 years old and married (G) for twenty years. We have got three children, one soon (SP) and two daughters. There (G) are six, eight and eleven years old. I am an electrical engineer and worked (T) for a company who manufactured (T)machines for processing automatically.(WO) At first, I am going to learn English in Great Britain. Its very important for my job. Then, I would like to have a little compangniy (SP) with about ten co-worker (WW) for myself. If it (G) isnt possible, Ill (G) manage a department who developed (G T) high technology machines. I became (WO)the test sheets for complete (WO) and (G)return directly at you. You phoned at your agent about my course at your school in Bristol. Very thanks for your trouble. (WO) Im happy to come at (PR)your school and Im (G) sure to learn better English. (G) I dont know my flight number on the 5st (SP) March. I would (G) let you (MW) as soon as possible. 1. I am 46 years old and married (G) for twenty years.   C- I am 46 years old and have been married for twenty years. 2. We have got three children, one soon (SP) and two daughters. C- We have got three children, one son two daughters. 3.There (G) are six, eight eleven years old. C- They are six, eight eleven years old. 4. I am an electrical engineer and worked (T) for a company who manufactured machines for processing automatically (T). C- I am an electrical engineer and work for a company who manufactures automatic processing machines. 5. Then, I would like to have a little compagniy (SP) with about ten co-worker (WW)for myself. C- Then, I would like to have a little company with about ten employees 6. If it (G) isnt possible, Ill manage a department who (G) developed (T) high technology machines. C- If that isnt possible, Ill like to manage a department  that  develops high technology machine. 7. I became (WW) the test sheets for complete (WW) and (G)return directly at (PR)you. C- I have the test sheets for completion and I will return directly to you. 8. You phoned at your agent about my course at your school in bristol. C-   The error may be context and grammar    9. Very thanks for your trouble. (WO) C- Many thanks for your trouble 10. Im happy to come at (PR)your school and Im sure to (G) learn better English. (WW) C- Im happy to come to your school and Im sure I will improve my English. 11. I dont know my flight number on the 5st March (G). C- I dont know  my flight number on the 5th of March. 12. I would (G)let you ^as soon as possible. C- I will let you know as soon as possible. Student 2 I am fourty (SP) years old. My height is 1.8m (G) and my hair is blond. My hobbys (SP)are walking and climbing (sp) in the mountain (G). My job (G) is Quality-Manager. I live (T) ten years at (PR) Russikon. I weake (SP) up at seven ochlock (SP) in the morning. I go (G) for breakfast in the kitchen. After the breakfast and I drive to work by car. In the office there is a lot of work. I have a brak at ten oclock and I drink a tea. 12 oclock I go home for lunch. In the future I will a good life with my family. I hope I get a lot of money. I will learn better English for my job. I hope you will be happy with my history. 1.  Im fourty years old. C- Im forty (SP)  years old. 2. My height is 1.8m (G) and my hair is blond. C- I am 1.8m tall and my hair is blond. 3. My hobbys (SP)are walking and clymbimgin (SP)the mountain (G). C- My hobbies are walking and climbing in the mountains. 4. My job is quality-manager. (G) C-I am a quality- manager 5.  I live ten years at Russikon. (G/WO) C- I have lived 10 years in Russikon 6. I weake (SP) up at seven ochlock (SP) in the morning. C- I wake up seven oclock in the morning. 7. I go for breakfast in the kitchen. (G) C- I have my breakfast in the kitchen 8. After the breakfast (G) and I drive to work by car. C-After breakfast, I drive to work by car. 9. In the office there is a lot of work. (WO) C- There is lot of work in the office 10. I have a break at ten oclock and I drink a tea. C- I have a break at ten oclock and I have a cup of tea 11. In the future I will (G) a good life with my family. C-In the future I hope to have good life with my family. 12. I hope I get a lot (G,WO) of money. C- I hope I will  make lot of money. 13. I will learn better (G) english (SP) for my job. C-I hope to improve my English as I need it for my job. 14. I hope  you will be happy with my history. (WW) C-I hope you will be happy with my story. Student 3. Yesterday I arrived in Bath. In this town there is a college where Ill study English for two weeks. When we arrived at the college we went to our bedroom. I stay in bed-room with my best friend and Im very happy for this. At eight oclock we had dinner and then we have visited the college. It is beautiful and there is also a swimming pool. Then we caome back to our bed-room wher Ive chatted whit my friend for a long time. We both happy and we both hope to have good time in this college. Unfortunately the weather isnt very good yesterday rained and today too but I think that the weather isnt very important. 1. Yesterday I arrived in Bath. (WO) C- I arrived in Bath yesterday. 2. In this town there is a college (WO)where Ill study English for two weeks. C   There is a college in this town where Ill study English for two weeks. 3. When we arrived at the college we went to our bedroom. (G) C- When we arrived at the college, we went to our bedrooms. 4. I stay in bed-room with my best friend and Iam very happy for this. (G, WO) C-I am very happy that I am sharing the room with my best friend. 5. At eight oclock we had dinner and then we have (G) visited the college. C- At eighth oclock we had dinner then we visited the college. 6. Then we caome (SP) back to our bed-room wher (G) Ive chatted (G) whit (SP) my friend for a long time. C-Then we came (SP) back to our bedroom where I chat with my friend for a long time. (G) 6. We both happy (G) and we both hope to have a good time in this (PR) college. C- We are both happy and we both hope to have a good time at this college. 7. Unfortunately the weather isnt (G)very good yesterday rained and today too. (WO) C- Unfortunately the weather wasnt very good; it rained  yesterday again today.   8. But I think that the weather isnt very (G) important. C- I dont think the weather is very important. Student 4 1.I had been (G) in London for about four days, (conjunction) I saw the Tower  of London, the Tower bridge the Big Ben and the other famous places of this city (G, WO). C- I have been (G) in London for about four days, and I saw the Tower of London, Tower Bridge, Big Ben and some of the citys other famous places.   2. To arrive in Bath, I brought a coach. (WO) C- I came to  Bath by coach. 3. The journey was long (WO) but Im very happy to arrive (G) in this town. C- It was a long journey but Im very happy to have arrived in this town. 4.. I didnt stay (G)here before, but all my friends who saw (G) Bath tell me that it is very beautiful. C- I have never been here before, but all my friends who have visited Bath tell me it is very beautiful 5. I hope I (G) enjoy myself very much. C- I hope I  will enjoy myself very much. Student 5. Collection of error, not a narrative. a) Thank you for the informations. (G) C- Thank you for the information b) I stand up at 6 oclock in the morning. (WW) C- I wake up at 6 oclock in the morning. c) When I am ready I am eating my meal. (T) C- When I am ready I will eat my meal. d) I passed a good week with you. (WW) C- I spent a good week with you. e) I want saying you thank you. (G) C- I want to say thank you. f) I had ^(G) very nice lunch and ^(G) wine and it made me very full up (WO) and Im no more hungry. C- I had a very nice lunch and a glass of wine, and it made me very full and I am not hungry anymore g) Where I stay (G) the wife is a very good cooker (WO). C- Where I am staying, the wife is a very good cook. h) The father is very humouristic. (WW) C- The landlord is very humoristic. i) Im deceived (WW) for answer as ^ quickly. C- I am unable to answer quickly. j) My friend dont let me any place. C Convoluted, with multiple meanings. k) The weather gets warmer in summer isnt it (P, G)? C- The weather gets warmer in summer doesnt it? i) My partner gives the answer dont he? (WO)    C- He has the answer doesnt he? m) The weather will remember me England. (WO) C- The weather reminds me of England. n) We put there our luggage. (WO) C- We put  our  luggage there. o) On five oclock I want to eat my tea. (P, WO) C-  I want to eat my  tea at five oclock.   Grammar Present Perfect vs Past Simple Exercise 1 (Ive been or I was?) Complete this letter to a newspaper. Put in the Present Perfect or Past Simple. This pub __________ (be) the centre of village life for centuries. It _________(stand) at our crossroads for 500 years. It ___________(be) famous in the old days, and Shakespeare once ____________(stay) there, they say. I __________(live) in Brickfield all my life. The villagers ___________(know) about the plans for less than a week and already theres a Save Our Pub campaign. Last week we _______________(be) happy, but this week were angry. We will stop them, youll see. Reason why the exercise is good: This exercise is useful as it gives students are given a context to fill in the blanks with the right language use Exercise 2 Present perfect or past simple? Put in the verbs. Tom: Have you heard (you/hear) the news about David? Harriet: No. (1) __________________(what/happen)? Tom: (2) ____________(he/have) an accident. He was walking down some steps. (3) _________(he/fall) and ____________(break) his leg. Reason why this exercise is good: It makes a realistic exercise for students to practice the language use in speaking. Relative clauses (who,that, which) Join the following sentences to make one sentence using a relative pronoun when necessary. If the relative pronoun is unnecessary, put it in brackets. You may sometimes have to change the word order or change a into the. Theres the boy. He broke the window. _______________________________ The film star gave a party. It cost $10,000. _______________________________ Thats the palace. The Queen lives in it. _______________________________ You met a man at the party. He is a famous film star. The man_______________________________ My friend came to the party. Hes a policeman. _______________________________ There are the policemen. They caught the thief. _______________________________ Whats the name of the lady? She was wearing the blue dress. _______________________________ I gave her a watch. It stopped after two days. _______________________________ My car was very expensive. Its a Mercedes. _______________________________ Youre reading a book. I wanted to read it. _______________________________ Reason why this exercise is good: Students get to practice language use in writing as they combine 2 sentences together, and also forming the sentence in the correct subject verb order with the correct relative clause. Relative clauses Put a relative pronoun into each gap. At the same time, decide whether the relative pronoun can be omitted. 1 The books, _______________ Id ordered over the internet, took nearly three weeks to arrive. 2 The books _______________ Id ordered from a bookshop arrived the following week. 3 My parents, _______________ were born in the north of England, moved to London to find work. 4 The man _______________ lives upstairs is always playing music when Im trying to get to sleep. 5 The building _______________ I live in was built in the 1920s. 6 The building _______________ I live was built in the 1920s. 7 The cars making a funny noise again, _______________ means well have to get someone to look at it. 8 The employee to _______________ you refer is no longer working for this company. 9 Do you remember the name of the man _______________ car you crashed into? 10 Have you any idea _______________ they were arguing about? 11 Have you any idea _______________ they were arguing? 12 The hotel _______________ we stayed was very good for the price. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences by using either what or which. (When which is used it should be preceded by a comma which the student must insert for himself). 1.- He didnt believed ____ I said ____ annoyed me very Married man (to bachelor friend): You can do ________ like much. in the evenings but I have to go home to my wife. 2.- In detective stories the murderer is always caught ____ 20.- ________ my neighbour is cooking there is a smell of doesnt happen in real life. burning. 3.- He wasnt surprised at ____ he saw because I told him ____ to expect. 4.- In hospitals they wake patients at 6 a.m. ____ is much too early. 5.- There was no directory in the first telephone box ____ meant I had to go to another one. 6.- I did ____ I could ____ wasnt much. 7.- The clock struck thirteen ____ made everyone laugh. 8.- I am sure that ____ you say is true. Will/going to exercise Explanation: will-future or going to-future Bottom of Form 1) Philipp __________15 next Wednesday. (to be) 2) They ___________a new computer. (to get) 3) I think, my mother ______________this CD. (to like) 4) Pauls sister _____________a baby. (to have) 5) They_____________ at about 4 in the afternoon. (to arrive) 6) Just a moment. I _______ you with the bags. (to help) 7) In 2020 people ___________ more hybrid cars. (to buy) 8) Marvin __________ a party next week. (to throw) 9) We _____________ to Venice in June. (to fly) 10) Look at the clouds! It ________________soon. (to rain) Question Tags exercise You are at a barbecue. Add question tags to help start a friendly conversation. These sausages are delicious, ___________________? They certainly are. You havent lived here long ________________? No, only three months. Its quite a big garden _____________? Yes, theres plenty of room. Youre Rachels friend _____________? Yes, Im Vicky You came in a sports car, ____________? Thats right. These burgers look good ____________? I cant wait to try them. We can sit on the grass ____________? I think its dry enough. The weather forecast wasnt very good, ____________? No, it wasnt. The exercise guides students to fill in the right question tag by giving both the question and answer. Exercise 2 Requests and questions. You want to look at a newspaper. Daniel might have one, so ask him (havent) Warn David not to do anything silly. (Dont) Suggest to Vicky that you both listen to some music. (Lets) You need a timetable. Emma might have one, so ask her. (havent) Ask Rachel to pass you the salt. (Pass) This exercise is good as students will have to reconstruct the question and answer. Present Simple/ Present continuous Simple Present or Present Progressive/Continuous Exercise 2 Explanation: Simple Present or Present Progressive Top of Form Fill in the verbs in brackets in the Simple Present or the Present Progressive. Example: Steve always ____ his bike in the afternoon. (to ride) Answer: Steve always rides his bike in the afternoon. 1) Andy sometimes _______ comics. (to read) 2) We never ________ TV in the morning. (to watch) 3) Listen! Sandy ________ in the bathroom. (to sing) 4) My sister usually ________ in the kitchen. (to help) 5) My mother ________ breakfast now. (to make) 6) They often ________ the bathroom. (to clean) 7) Look! The boys ________ home. (to come) 8) Every day his grandfather ________ for a walk. (to go) 9) I ________ with my friend at the moment. (to chat) 10) Cats ________ mice. (to eat) Bottom of Form http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_progressive2.htm Exercise 2 Im writing to my parents. I write to them every weekend. _________________(it/snow) outside. ______________(it/come) down quite hard, look. I havent got a car at the moment, so ______________(I/go) to work on the bus this week. Usually _________________(I/drive) to work. Normally _______________(I/start) work at eight oclock, but ___________ (I/start) at seven this week. Were very busy at the moment. Im afraid I have no time to help just now. ______________ (I/write) a report. But _____________ (I/promise) Ill give you some help later. ______________ (I/want) a new car. _______________ (I/save) up to buy one. Verbs followed by prepositions Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions. 1 She suffers _______ diabetes. _________________________________ 2 She complained _______ the food to the manager. _________________________________ 3 I often listen ________ the radio while driving. _________________________________ 4 He got married ______ a girl he met in China. _________________________________ 5 She has applied ______ a new job. _________________________________ 6 He spends a lot of time ______ his work. _________________________________ 7 Who are you shouting ________ ? _________________________________ 8 Who does this book belong ______ ? _________________________________ 9 They are going to translate the book _______ Chinese. _________________________________ 10 She apologised ____ being late. _________________________________ 11 Her teachers were satisfied ______ her progress. _________________________________ 12 Im thinking _______ going to France. Verb and Prepositions For each of the six questions choose the one correct answer: 1. Youve been talking about asking her out for weeks, what are you waiting ____? a. to b. in c. at d. for 2. Yeah, Mr Bennett is our history teacher, hes nice but I never know what hes talking _______. a. of b. on c. about d. over 3. Ive finally decided to call ______ Simon, I want to know how he feels. a. b. to c. at d. in 4. People say he works _____ the CIA, and he carries a gun! a. at b. for c. with d. in 5. What kind of music do you like listening ____? a. to b. at c. d. for 6. What did you discuss _____ at the meeting? a. on b. over c. about d. Adverbial modifier of Place 1 Underline the adverbial modifier in the sentences. The arrow fell on this spot You can buy it in all places. He fell to the ground. He studied in a foreign country. I found the book at that corner. Underline the adverbial modifier in the sentences. The shoe is pressing on my toe. The desert stretched to the north. Much water has run under the bridge. He was playing beside the river. He whispered gaily in her ear. These exercises draws students to the adverbial phrases used within the context of a sentence. Adverbial modifier of Time 1 Underline the adverbial modifier in the sentences. No such diseases were known in those days. He is coming at this very moment. Before very long, the rain came. In former times, we had to cycle to school. He came to the class just now. Adverbial modifier of Time 2 Underline the adverbial modifier in the sentences. He succeeded in the long run. Let us cease work from this very moment. He sat for a while on the bank of the river. The alarm sounded at the appointed time. I hope he will come at a very early date. General Tenses 1 Rewrite the sentences by correcting the tenses. I was eating breakfast right now. Usually I worked in an office, However , these days, I was working as a waitress. He woke up in the morning brush his teeth and ate lunch. I will not eat until I will be hungry. When I arrived, Steven has been playing football. Reason why this exercise is good: Giving students error correction exercises allows them to be less self-conscious of the mistakes they make, as well as gain an understanding of the different errors. Correct Answer: I am eating breakfast right now. Usually I worked in an office, However , these days, I am working as a waitress. He woke up in the morning, brushed his teeth and ate lunch. I will not eat until I am hungry. When I arrived, Steven was playing football. General Tenses 2 Choose the correct answer. 1. The train wasnt there. It __________ already had been left has left had left 2. How long __________________each other when they got married? have they known had they known would they know 3. She ________________ to speak English before she arrived in London. had learned already will have already learned had already learned 4. Rick ______________ good Mandarin because he had been studying for several years. spoke had spoken has spoken 5. I _____________ from him for ten years when I received his last letter. didnt hear hadnt been hearning hadnt heard It is, it was, it will be 1 Answer the questions using the above words. You may add your own details. 1. In which year did Mary start schooling? 2. What sport does John play in school? 3. Where did the Olympic Games originate? 4. When can you finished the project? When is the sun nearer to the earth, at noon or at sunset? These questions give students free reign to practice their language use. It is, it was, it will be 2 Answer the questions using the above words. You may add your own details. 1. When will Paul graduate? 2. Do you know who has taken the pencil? 3. Is the snake longer than 1 metre? 4. Who has taken the pie yesterday? 5. Will the basket be weaved in a 3 days? Preposition of Place Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. Being chased by the dog, he dashed _________ the road. He leaned __________ the wall as he waited for the bus. All the while the child has been standing __________ the curtain. The supporters stand _________ the politician as he was being charged. He kept very silent as he sat ___________ the boss. Answer: 1) across against behind by besides Preposition of Place Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. He lost his way and came ______ the end of the road. The chest can be found ______ the surface of the cross junction. As he was brooding when walking he fell _______ a ditch. We have combed _______ the estate and could not find the dog. The workers marched _______ the town in protest. Answer to below into round through Preposition of Time Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. We start ____ six _____ in the morning. _____ last month I have seen him but once. He was at the library _____ the whole day. Ten minutes _____ twelve, he was already there. The citizens prospered ______ the rule of the king Asnwer at , in from during to under Preposition of Time 2 Fill in the blank with the correct preposition. There was drought _______ the year. The students arrived well ______ the teacher. They completed the project ______ three o clock. You must finish the marking _______ a month The rain lasted ______ the night. Answer: throughout before by within through Preposition + Dates Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. 1) I have been ill ___________ last week. 2) I commenced work ________ 1st January 3) Not ______ the next month can I submit the project. 4) I shall work ______ the end of May. 5) _______ week 1 and week 2, I will be on holiday. Answer since from until till Between Preposition + Dates 2 Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition. 1) You must complete the assignment _____ the 8th of June. 2) ________ April , you can go on leave. 3) They have worked _______ the month of January. 4) He goes _____ Sunday to the church. 5) He took off in lie _____ Monday holiday. Answer by after into on of Present Simple and Simple Future Complete the following by putting in the verbs. Use the present simple or future simple. Alice ___________ (walk) to school everyday. These books _________ twenty dollars each. (cost) I ________________ (call) you when I reach the office. The sun _____________ (rise) in the east. We ____________ (travel) to Japan during the summer holiday if we can get the air tickets. Answer walks cost will call rises will travel Present Simple and Simple Future Complete the following by putting in the verbs. Use the present simple or simple future. Badminton is a wonderful game. John ___________ (love) to play it. 2 The train usually ____________ (leave) at five-thirty every morning. 3. I ______________(send) you the information when I receive it. The phone is ringing. I _____________ (get) it. It always ____________ (rain) in the weekend. Answer loves leaves will send will get rains Reason consequence 1 Identify which is the reason and which is the consequence in the sentences. Janet was so fat that she refused to take part in sport. It was his greed that led to his downfall. If I go out in the rain I get wet. I will buy the house provided that it is cheap. He finished last as he began late. This exercise corrects the errors by showing what is wrong and getting students to arrange it in the right order. Reason consequence 2 Identify which is the reason and which is the consequence in the sentences. 1) In case he is seriously ill. I will email you. 2) Had you been less rash, we would not lose the game. 3) It is your unfortunate remark that the meeting becomes sour. 4) As you have made a promise, you must keep it. 5) He speaks too fast to be understood. Simple Present and Past Simple Present Simple and Past Simple to be Complete the sentences with am, is, was, or were. Where ____________ Paul today? Kenny ____________ in Japan last month. Joseph ____________ not present at the moment. ____________ the boys in school last week? Could he read when he ______________ one year old ? Rewrite the passage with the right form of the verb. I (go) to the cinema last night. What film (you-see) ? I (see) The Lord of The Rings . Really? (you-like) it? It (be) really fantastic. I

Parenting Styles in early childhood

Parenting Styles in early childhood Parenting Style as a Mediator between Childrens Negative Emotionality and Problematic Behavior in Early Childhood Abstract Parenting style is of particular interest in the negative emotional development leading to difficult behavior in children. This paper evaluates research focused on the impact parenting has on childrens negative behavior. The objective was to determine the affects of authoritative and authoritarian parenting as it relates to negative behavior in children. Comparisons will be made to several studies showing similar results. The objective, procedures and results will be evaluated to determine the strength of the research conducted and the validity of the study. Even with limitations, the research does in fact support that authoritative parenting which is firm but loving is more effective at helping children not act out than is authoritarian parenting, which emphasizes compliance and conformity. Introduction Anyone who has ever spent time with preschool children knows that the lives of such young people are marked both by negative emotions and by acting out (often described as temper tantrums). Both are typical and age appropriate. However, also age appropriate to the preschool cohort is the need to begin to learn how to regulate their behavior. While young children have some ability to be self-regulating (as opposed to infants), they lack the cognitive and emotional skills to be able to do so on their own in any consistent matter. Thus one of the tasks of parenting preschool-aged children is to help them learn to separate negative emotions from negative actions. Key to this process is teaching children that negative emotions are perfectly acceptable. The parenting style that is best geared to teaching both aspects of this that negative emotions are natural but that negative acting out is not acceptable is the authoritative parenting style. In contrast, an authoritarian parenting style can be fundamentally harmful to the process of teaching young children to honor but contain their negative emotions such as anger, fear, and dislike. Authoritarian parenting is marked by the parents having very high expectations of compliance to the rules that they put into place and a high level of conformity to the parents beliefs. Authoritarian parents tend to give commands rather than explanations. Authoritative parents also set standards and hold expectations for their children but also allow an appropriate amount of independence on the part of the child and allows for questioning and discussion. Statement of the problem The problem explored in by the research focused on here is how may parents help young children learn how to separate their negative emotions (especially anger and frustration, both very common and entirely acceptable emotions at this stage of life). Parents may often find themselves both angry and frustrated at the child who turns around and bites a friend on the playground or who collapses onto the grocery store floor when denied an especially sugary treat and respond in much the same way as their children yelling back and losing their own tempers. This is hardly an effective response. The most effective response, according to the research examined here, is for parents to help their children understand their emotions, put words to those emotions, and to find appropriate ways to act out their emotions perhaps by tearing paper into small pieces, building up towers of blocks and knocking them over, etc. Parents who help their children separate negative emotions from negative actions are authoritative, allowing children to ask questions and receive honest answers. Parents who insist on compliance and conformity tend to exacerbate their childrens negative behavior. The hypothesis that this paper examines is the following: An authoritative parenting style helps reduce negative behaviors in preschool children that are associated with negative emotions. Literature Review The research summarized here fully supports the idea that parents using an authoritative style are more successful at helping their children reduce their negative behaviors than are parents using an authoritarian style. Paulessen-Hoogeboom et al (2008) found that while young children will act out in negative ways at times regardless of parenting style (this is only to be expected at this developmental stage), authoritative parenting helped reduced this behavior. In other words, that the relations between child negative emotionality and internalizing and externalizing behaviors were partially mediated by mothers authoritative parenting style (p. 209). Moreover, when the authors used confirmatory factor analysis to decontaminate possible overlap in item content between measures assessing temperament and problematic behavior, the association between negative emotionality and internalizing behavior was fully mediated by authoritative parenting. (p.209) The researchers used the following definition for authoritative parenting: Authoritative parenting is characterized by a combination of high warmth, firm but fair control, and the use of explanations and reasoning (p. 212). They observed 98 male and 98 female children from two and a half to four years in Dutch daycare centers. They assessed the parents style of interaction with their children and determined how effective authoritarian and authoritative parents were in terms of helping their children disconnect negative emotions from negative externalization. They found that there was a statistically positive correlation between authoritative parenting and childrens ability to disconnect negative feelings from negative actions. The study attempts to provide insight by measuring maternal perception of their children as it relates to their problematic behaviors both internal and external. In an effort to fill in gaps that exist in previous research studies, the focus was on 3 year old toddlers. In collaboration with child health centers in Holland, 196 preschool children and their mother were randomly selected through a letter distributed to 750 families from the health center. The researchers set out to find direct associations on negative emotions and higher levels of negative emotionality based on authoritarian parenting compared to authoritative parenting. The study intended to indirectly relate problematic behavior to the type of parenting style. Lastly, they wanted to show the association between decreased levels of SES in relation to the level of authoritative parenting and the internalizing and externalizing behaviors. (Figure 1, 2008) Findings Paulessen-Hoogeboom et al (2008) present us with a number of key findings that have such pervasive implications for parenting. All toddlers engage in behaviors such as biting, hitting, screaming, or otherwise acting out. Such behaviors arise as a result of negative emotions. Parents often find these behaviors hard to deal with along with other children and other caregivers. The response by others in the childrens world may be highly negative itself and may thus provoke additional negative feelings, which in turn provoke additional negative behaviors. This is a cycle that is bad for all concerned. Paulessen-Hoogeboom et al (2008) further validated the finding of others that an authoritarian parenting style is aimed at getting children to stop these negative behaviors by commanding them to follow parental orders. However, they also found, such a parenting style ignores the underlying emotions and so is ineffective in preventing the negative behaviors involved. Authoritative parents talk with their children about these emotions, help them understand that such emotions are natural and appropriate, and that there are better ways to express these feelings that will not be seen as negative by others. It is this key part acknowledging emotions while helping children disconnect emotions from actions that makes authoritative parenting effective in reducing negative actions. In other words, parents and young children can work together (with the far greater amount of work being done by the parents, of course) to create a positive feedback system in which children learn to value their emotions while moderating their behavior. The next important finding by Paulessen-Hoogeboom et al (2008) was that whatever elements of personality or temperament are innate, any inborn tendency to act out negatively is far less important than parenting style in terms of the behavior of children. IN other words, Paulessen-Hoogeboom et al (2008) found that authoritative parenting can overcome innate tendencies in children to act out. This is a very important finding for parents and other caregivers. In this longitudinal study, research showed that while young children will act out in negative ways at times regardless of parenting style authoritative parenting helped reduced this behavior. (Paulessen-Hoogeboom, et al, 2008) Using correlation and covariance showed in preliminary analysis there was no significant differences in the mean scores based on gender or birth-order variables. Using a variety of statistical analysis tools including chi-square, AGFI to measure the amount of variance and covariance the results indicated a good fit. The adjusted model, which omitted certain paths, resulted in removing the authoritarian parenting from the model. This revealed a negative association between emotionality and maternal authoritative parenting. (Figure 2, 2008) Discussion The study sets out to determine possible cause and link to childrens negativity emotionality and problematic behavior through a sample drawn from the general population. There was evidence that a childs negative emotions and problematic behavior is related to parenting and is mediated by authoritative parenting from the maternal parent. This research is echoed by others and in fact substantiates the body of research in this area. Similar findings were reported by Kochanska, Murray, Coy (1997) found that mothers who scored high on sensitivity measures and responded quickly to requests made by their toddlers (that is, mothers who used an authoritative parenting style) were effective in limiting negative behavior on the part of their children. Both sensitivity and speed in responding to requests were made in response to childrens expressing negative emotions in words: The maternal response emphasized and supported the childrens use of verbal expression rather than physical acting out when the child felt negative emotions. In this longitudinal study, one year after the researchers initially observed the toddlers, they found that the children rated higher on cooperativeness and prosocial behavior than did children who had parents with a less responsive style. Kochanska, Murray, Coy (1997) found that both outgoing and shy toddlers benefited from a responsive but firm parenting style. This finding is important because it suggests that parenting style can at least in some measure trump temperament or personality, or Different socialization experiences can predict the same developmental outcomes for children with different predispositions, and a given socialization experience can predict divergent developmental for different children. Another study that that the groundwork for the work by Paulessen-Hoogeboom etal was Clark Ladd (2000). In observing kindergarten-aged children and their mothers, they assessed the level of mutual warmth, happiness, reciprocity, and engagement. (They used these terms to operationalize the concept of authoritative parenting.) They found that children and mothers who scored high on all of these measures (and who thus met the requirements for an authoritative family) scored much higher on positive behavior regardless of internal emotional state. Both teachers and peers described these children as being more empathetic, more socially accepting and acceptable, as having more friends, and as having more harmonious relationships with both other children and adults. The body of research in this area was confirmed and consolidated by Paulessen-Hoogeboom et al (2008). All three of these studies find clear, significantly statistical results between an authoritative parenting style and the ability of young children to contain negative emotions in an appropriate way. Paulessen-Hoogeboom et al (2008) summarized their findings: The finding that an authoritative parenting style mediates the relations between negative emotionality and problematic behaviors underscores the importance of providing effective parenting support to parents who have difficulties in dealing with their young childs negative emotionality on a daily basis. When parents can be trained and encouraged to react to their childrens negative emotionality in an adaptive way, parent-child interactions may become more enjoyable, thereby reducing the occurrence of problematic behaviors and preventing more serious behavioral problems later in life (Campbell, 1995; Patterson, 1982). We note that even in general population samples, a substantial percentage of children (up to 10%) may develop internalizing- and externalizing-behavior problems in the clinical range. (p. 226) In any research, you must consider any limitations that may affect the results of the study. In this study, there were several limitations to be noted. The correlation design set limits on the causal interpretation, some findings may be accounted for based on genetics, there was a not a diversity in socioeconomic backgrounds and the study only focused on one parent. The findings also revealed a significant association between increased negative emotionality associated with less supportive parenting and was more prevalent in lower socioeconomic backgrounds. (Paulussen-Hoogeboom, Stams, Hermanns, Peetsma, 2007). Conclusion The findings of Paulessen-Hoogeboom et al (2008) reveal that young children can be helped by authoritative parenting to disengage negative emotions from negative behavior. This is a lesson that has immense value for the entire lifespan. Through authoritative parenting, mothers were able to help them understand that such emotions are natural and appropriate, and that there are better ways to express these feelings that will not be seen as negative by others. These findings are consistent with other studies that have been done. The study is not without limitation but still successfully supports the hypothesis presented. References Grazyna Kochanska,Kathleen Murray,Katherine C Coy.(1997). Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: From toddler to early school age.Child Development,68(2),263-277. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Career and Technical Education. (Document ID:12543990). Karen E Clark,Gary W Ladd.(2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent-child relationships: Links to childrens socioemotional orientation and peer relationships.Developmental Psychology,36(4),485-498. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID:56531644). Marja C Paulussen-Hoogeboom,Geert Jan J M Stams,Jo M A Hermanns,Thea T D Peetsma.(2007). Child Negative Emotionality and Parenting From Infancy to Preschool: A Meta-Analytic Review.Developmental Psychology,43(2),438. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID:1249797641). Paulussen-Hoogeboom,M.,Stams,G.,Hermanns,J.,Peetsma,T.,van den Wittenboer,G..(2008). Parenting Style as a Mediator Between Childrens Negative Emotionality and Problematic Behavior in Early Childhood.The Journal of Genetic Psychology,169(3),209-26. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID:1548809441).

What Does The Author Of Sir Ga :: essays research papers

The author of the book Sir Gawain and the Green Knight teaches the reader many different things about facing challenges such as how they come unexpecteantly and how they must be faced. Throughout the ballad there are numerous refernces to the challenges that Sir Gawain and the different ways that he must deal with them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author shows that people have to face a challenge straight on. You cannot run away and hope that the problem will go away. One reason for this is that challenges, unless dealt with, will follow you forever. An expample of this is the challenge that the Green Knight bestows upon Sir Gawain. He must find the Green Knight in a year and a day to have the Green Knight hit him with a weapon of his choosing. The author shows through the description of chivarly that if Sir Gawain were not hold up his end of the deal, the knights and the people of Camalot would be forever shamed by his presence. The author shows that challenges cannot be lefy alone, they must be faced straight on and dealt with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Ballad the author also shows that challenges can come from unexpected sources and that these also cannot be ignored. That is shown in the ballad through the example of the challenge that arose from the Green Knight. The challenge is aimed at King Authorm but is spontaneously taken on by Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain has no time to prepare for the challenge and only took it to protect his king. With a little forethought and knowledge, he might have concluded that the challenge was not woth the risks. There are other examples of unexpected challenges, such as the problems he had during his travel for the court of King Arthur to the Green Chapel. These challenges came up as he was traveling and he had no choice about taking them on, it was that or for him to die. The other main challenge was from the lady of the house. This challenge was totally unexpected; Sir Gawain did not even know that it was a challenge until his talk with the Green Knight right at the end. Sir Gawain did not know that the Green Knight was testing the young knight to see how strong his sense of chivalry really is.

Semiotics in Cyberspace :: Communication Internet

Semiotics in Cyberspace We are seeing one of the most historically significant changes in the way we share information. Electronic communication devices have been with us since the beginning of the 20th century. Radio provided ways to share sounds with distant people simultaneously. The telephone added the ability to inter-communicate with others. Cinematography captured images and created the illusion of motion. Television added the ability to send sounds and moving images to masses of distant people simultaneously. Computers started out being number crunching machines. However, as time passed these machines were interconnected and they started to provide yet another medium to deliver information. First it was only text, then some low resolution graphics and images with limited amount of colors were added. In only a few decades of computer technology development we are already seeing systems that can deliver all possible combinations of electronic media. Presently, computers can deliver text (and other machine codes), sounds, graphics, still images and video (another name for television images). You can have all of those varieties of media stored in magnetic and optical devices for archiving or to be used as alternative delivery systems. Also, it is possible to deliver all kinds of computer data and electronic media through your telephone or "local area network". Radio and television were initially dependent on the use of magnetic radio waves to deliver messages. These two particular media dramatically extended their reach when cable and satellite technologies emerged. Cable and satellite technologies have been in fact responsible for the development of the concept of global information networks. Computers have also played a role in the development of information networks using cable and satellite technologies. The Internet is one of those global information networks. Through this network, computers are currently sending all kinds of electronic media formats to other computers around the world. These computers are interconnected to a network that does not have a beginning or an end. Connections can happen in any direction at any time. Trying to build a map of computer locations and possible interconnections among them will only produce something that looks more like a web. Hence the name of one of the most impressive information sharing environments of our days: The World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (WWW) provides the ability to combine all kinds of electronic media into one interactive presentation that can be delivered anywhere around the world instantaneously. WWW documents are hypermedia documents.

Personal name

They should contain your name and position title, contact number, email address and website address. If possible, your business name, logo and services or products also should be listed. It is common practice to have a double-sided card in the U. K. With the business details on the front and the personal contact details on the back 2. Shaking hands Shaking hands is a common form of greeting A handshake Is standard for business occasions and when visiting a home. Women do not always shake hands.In business, a light handshake Is standard. When vaulting a home, a handshake Is proper; however, a handshake Is not always correct at social occasions. Observe what others do. In the UK it is usually a single right hand that does the shaking. Very few people shake with their left hand and it is deemed rude to offer your hand without taking your glove off first. 3. Bowing 4. Kissing 5. Being formal or informal 6. Punctuality Punctuality is paramount. You should always arrive for an appointment/ meeting on time, maybe even five minutes early.If you are going to be late, telephone and give a time when you expect you will arrive. 7. Humor Do not make jokes about the royal family. 8. Eye contact The British often do not look at the other person while they talk. Maintain eye contact during the greeting. 9. Socializing with contacts The best way to make contact with senior executives is through a third party. It is not appropriate to have this same third party Intervene later If problems arise. While business dinners are becoming less common, business breakfasts are gaining In popularity.Work Is often discussed during business breakfasts and lunches, although these can also be used as an opportunity for general small talk to get to now your colleagues better and build up a good working relationship Meetings usually open with a fair amount of small talks, in order to create a warm, positive climate conducive to working well together. They last within 5-10 minutes before meetings Animals are usually a good topic of conversation. 11 . Accepting interruption 12. Giving presents Giving gifts in a business setting is not very common.When they are given, thank you gifts are usually small symbolic items such as diaries, pens, champagne, etc. Gifts should not seem inappropriately expensive. Also, gifts are usually given at the conclusion of something, such as a project, to mark the occasion or as a thank you. Rather than giving gifts, it is preferable to invite your hosts out for a meal or a show. When you are invited to an English home, you may bring flowers (not white lilies, which signify death), liquor or champagne, and chocolates. Send a brief, handwritten thank- you note promptly afterward, preferably by mail or e-mail-?not by messenger.When bringing flowers, consult with the florist about the appropriate type and umber. 13. Being direct (saying exactly what you think) 14. Using first name When greeting people in the I-J, wait to use first names until the oth er person uses yours or asks you to call them by their first name. The response you give to an introduction should have the same level of formality as the introduction itself. However, British business etiquette is becoming more informal and first names are often used right away The use of first names is becoming more common. However, you should follow the initiative of your host.

Internet Markerting Essay

Describe the key benefits and opportunities presented by internet marketing activity for Viola Drinks Ltd. and again how this help formulate and change the marketing mix for the business. In this assignment I will describe the fundamental benefits and opportunities presented by internet marketing activity for Viola Drinks Ltd. and furthermore how this helps formulate and change the marketing mix for the business. Internet marketing brings a lot of opportunities and benefits to businesses for instance reach to wider audience therefore raising awareness of the brand and attracting prospective customers, reducing overhead cost of the company as running and online business does not require as much finances as a regular business, and improve availability. Products: Products choices are informed by market research where customers’ needs and requirements are assessed. Feedbacks given by customers to the organisation will benefit Viola Drinks Ltd because they can modify their existing products or develop new product for their customer’s satisfaction. Internet marketing has divided product into two parts 1) core product and 2) extended product. The core product is the actual â€Å"product purchased by the customers to fulfil their needs† and the extended product is â€Å"the benefits build around the product†. Price: Price comparison is common online. Viola Drinks Ltd needs to make ensure that their online prices match with their competitor online prices. For instance online price comparison websites such as www. kelkoo. com and www. comparethemarket. com dedicated to comparing prices on products in order to find the best deal for the customer. Customers can log on to their website, search for a product, compare the prices and get a good deal. This will benefit Viola Drinks Ltd. to compare their prices with their competitors. The reason why online pricing is better than offline pricing is that online prices are very clear and transparent for the customer and the business at large because they can take advantage of the pricing that may change regularly or take advantages of special offers that last for a limited period of time and compare the amount competitors are charging. This is called price transparency it can only be achieved online as customers will be hunting for bargains. Place: Viola Drinks Ltd has integrated internet marketing within their already existing marketing strategies to create another sales channel. The benefit of Viola Drinks Ltd moving their business online is that they can â€Å"minimise cost of inventory, transport and storage while fulfilling demands from customers†. Furthermore, search Engine Optimisation (SEO) The accessibility and visibility of Viola Drinks Ltd is important through Search Engine Optimisation. Search Engine Optimisation benefits Viola Drinks Ltd. to be recognised among leading search engines such as Google, Bing and Yahoo. For a company to have an online presence they must be on the top list on the search engines. Optimizing your website for search engines is a gathering of techniques that simplifies a search engine’s task of searching, for information posted on your website. Therefore it is crucial to registering with the big search engines including Google, Bing, Yahoo and other search engines while making sure that the website contains the adequate keywords so the site obtains a high raking placement in the relevant searches that people carry out. This can be achieved by Viola Drinks Ltd. hrough incorporating the adequate keywords that any prospective customers might search for consequently increasing the visibility of page and raising awareness of the brand. Promotion: Promotion is an important aspect in internet marketing. Bringing the products to the customers’ attention will help Viola Drinks Ltd. to generate more sales. Online promotion directly markets to the customers as it regularly pop-up sales ads. â€Å"The marketing function concerned with persuasively communication to target audience the components of the marketing program in order to facilitate exchange†. The opportunity of Viola Drinks Ltd. promoting their products online is that their customers can have real-time up to date what the latest promotional offers. Furthermore customers receiving direct e-mail from Viola Drinks Ltd about products that the prospective might consider purchasing will pull them to visit the website more. Advertising: online promotion has helped Viola Drinks Ltd. to reach their target audience, therefore getting more customers and bringing awareness of the different benefits and features of their existing and new products which is dramatically benefiting the company. Online advertising has grown over the past years â€Å"Online advertising spending in the UK has overtaken television expenditure for the first time, a report has said. Online spending grew 4. 6% to ? 1. 752bn in the first half of 2009, while TV spending shrank 16. 1% to ? 1. 639bn†. This shows how online advertising is increasingly growing in popularity in the UK and the benefit Viola Drinks Ltd. will have from online advertising is that they can get more customers as they are able to reach a greater audience and have new sales channels. Furthermore online advertising is cheaper and more convenient to reach a wider target audience. Viola Drinks Ltd. website enables their customers to shop and search for information 24/7 from the comfort of their own bed or from any other location. The benefit of online advertising to the customer is that he/she can get the information as far as they have an internet connectivity while offline advertising such as TV, billboards and newspapers ads are not that so popular as they used to be. In a recent article from BBC it is stated that online advertising has over taken the traditional forms of advertising. Globalisation: Moving on, the benefit of Viola Drinks Ltd. going online is to reach to a wider audience and expand the company to trade in a single global marketplace and the blurring of social and cultural differences between countries. Viola Drinks Ltd hence has make sure that they have a comprehensive understanding of the foreign markets environment and assess the advantages of their own products and service they provided to their customers on a world-wide scale. 24/7 Accessibility: Last but not least 24/7 accessibility is one of the major reasons for a company to go online. For Viola Drinks Ltd to go online it will mean that more customers can get to their stores at their own time. â€Å"Your store is open, 24 hrs. a day, 7 days a week. Further, your customers are worldwide in reach, and can shop anytime that they want to†. This is the benefit that internet marketing provides to Viola Drinks Ltd because their customers can shop online at any given time. With the company’s presence online their customers will not be disappointed as they can always shop at any time of the day without leaving the comfort of their house. P5 – Explain how internet marketing has made Viola Drinks Ltd. more efficient, effective and successful. In this assignment I will clarify how internet marketing has made Viola Drinks Ltd. more efficient, effective and successful and how the increasing availability of the web gives business a number of effectiveness and efficiency. Dynamic Pricing Online pricing is done successfully thanks to the advent of technology. For instance flights change price according to the time of year; prices for flights go up during the half-term, as they know families will want to go at this time. Viola Drinks Ltd. website uses dynamic pricing charged prices categorise customers in different groups. â€Å"The prices are updated in real time to the type of customers or current market condition†. Viola Drinks Ltd. website has managed to establish this through their website. The efficiency and effectiveness of dynamic pricing can get Viola Drinks Ltd to capture more consumer attention and surplus, consequently meaning more generated profit for the company. Social Media: Social media has helped in a great deal in Viola Drinks Ltd. online advertisement. Social Media website such as â€Å"Facebook† and â€Å"Twitter† are the two most popular and used social media networks with over 1 billion visitors between them. The exploitation of social media has facilitated Viola Drinks Ltd to send out promotions and keep people up-to-date on upcoming events and products therefore increasing the opportunity to gain sales and also to profile their customers through psychographic profiling to target, young adults up to the age 24 who spend a great deal of their time online these are. Freedom of Choice has given Viola Drinks Ltd. ustomers the opportunity to pick from a variety of products. Viola Drinks Ltd is providing their customers with options to choose different products online. Furthermore they have offed their customers all over the world the freedom of choice from a different range of products and the option to choose their own delivery time and location. Track your Purchase online processes can help customers to track their order through the company’s website as they will be paying for their products or services before they receive it. The efficiency and effectiveness of this is that customer’s feel reassured that they can track their order without worrying if their purchase will make its way safely to their address. Viola Drinks Ltd website allows their customers to track their purchase from order, dispatch to transportation before it with the courier for delivery to their home address. Once more this reassures the customers and makes them feel that they are obtaining a good service online. Visual appeal, Viola Drinks Ltd. uses images on their website to make it easy and interesting for their target audience to have a clear view of their products in. Doing this it is clear that Viola Drinks Ltd wants to meet their customers’ requirements as they have the option to view the products, label which include the nutritional information of their drinks as consumers undoubtedly would want to know how much sugar the drinks contain if the individual has health concerns. P6 – Explain the challenges of globalization facing Viola Drinks Ltd. when deciding to embark on internet marketing as a promotional tool. In this assignment I will give details about the challenges of globalization facing Viola Drinks Ltd. when deciding to embark on internet marketing as a promotional tool. One of the challenges of internet marketing facing Viola Drinks Ltd. is the costs. Costs of setting up a website can be quite expensive at first, as you have to consider things such as, the domain name; protection of the website; people looking after the website, keeping it up to date and functional; designing the website; hosting and staff to look after the consumer’s requests and query’s. So this is a big thing that a Viola Drinks has to consider about when starting up an online business or website, as all of these things add up and can result in costing a lot of money. Another less taxing challenge of internet marketing confronting Viola Drinks Ltd. can be the information they decide to put on the website. When creating a website, Viola Drinks Ltd. has to be careful of the content that they put on the website. A business doesn’t want to overload the customer with information on products, as the customer will lose interest and find another website, which is more to the point and easier to read. Another challenge of internet marketing that Viola Drinks has to deal with is security. An online business makes their profit through online sales, and therefore needs to make sure that people feel secure and safe doing so. Payment Security is one of the largest challenges that Viola Drinks Ltd. face when operating on the internet. Customers want to ensure that their bank details are kept safe from hackers. Therefore Viola Drinks Ltd. must ensure they have a valid SSL certificate which encrypts sensitive information so nobody else can access it. Furthermore they can do this by making sure their website has regular virus checks and some sort of software to stop it from being hacked. They also could make sure that they use a very secure system when people are paying for products, such as NatWest have the special password system, so that when you are about to purchase a product, the customer will have to enter the password as well as all the relevant card details. A company could also use companies such as, PayPal and ask customers to pay through there. This will make the customer feel more secure as they know it’s a website they can trust. Viola Drinks Ltd. is also exposed to competition through global website visibility. The problem with having your website on the internet is that you are exposing yourself wide open to competitors who can view nearly everything about your business model. Viola Drinks Ltd. exposes their pricing, promotional offers, customer support service, layout of your information and how they have categorized certain data. This is beneficial to their competitors such as Coca Cola. Furthermore having manufacturers with online presence automatically causes disintermediation within the supply chain. This is a challenge for Viola Drinks Ltd. who sells their products that they get from a wholesaler, which needs a manufacturer. Viola Drinks Ltd may run into channel conflict, which is a challenge. This is when a customer can find the product that a business is selling cheaper elsewhere, therefore they are less likely to buy other products from Viola Drinks Ltd and they will lose money. Therefore, a business needs to make sure that it is looking at what its competitors are doing and keep their products and prices up-to-date. Lastly A challenge of internet marketing that Viola Drinks Ltd might face can be culture. When a business is starting up a website in a different country, they will have to take into consideration the country and their views on things. For example: in China the colour red is seen as lucky, therefore Viola Drinks Ltd may choose to make their website red if they were to start up their business in China, as people may be more likely to buy products from them. When starting up an online business in another country they will also have to take into consideration staying within the law. Additionally Viola Drinks Ltd. will have to consider tax; the description of products; language barriers; and modesty laws. All these could be potential problems and could easily cause Viola Drinks Ltd. to fail if they are not looked into and dealt with.